TRRE@ Solid wood high stool High stool Pakistani chairs Simple modern bar stool (Color : C)

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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Bokhari H, Matthijnssens J, Yinda KC, Raza S, et al. Molecular characterization of human group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan during 2015–2016. Lin B, editor. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220387 Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220387. [cited 2019 Aug 1]. Guerrant Rl, Kosek M, Lima AA, Lorentz B, Guyatt HL. Updating the DALYs for diarrhoeal disease. Trends Parasitol: 2002; 18: 281. Amongst children, diarrhea is a common occurrence, and it is considered normal for young infants to have 3−10 loose stools daily. Bagheri, R.; Rabbani, B.; Mahdieh, N.; Khanahmad, H.; Abachi, M.; Asgari, S. PCR-ELISA: A diagnostic assay for identifying Iranian HIV seropositives. Mol. Genet. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 2013, 3, 36–39. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Woods P, Gouvea V, Gorziglia M, Flores J, et al. Identification of group a rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(6):1365–73.

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World Health Organization. Polio Laboratory Manual; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. Symptoms are usually mild in most people and last for 3 to 4 days but they may last longer. Symptoms may be more severe in the very young, the elderly, and those with other health problems. Those whose immune systems are not working as well as normal are particularly likely to be more unwell. For example, people with untreated HIV infection, those on chemotherapy, those on long-term steroid treatment or those who are taking drugs which suppress their immune system, for example after a transplant or to treat an autoimmune condition Stool samples were investigated for the presence of Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, and Vibrio cholerae according to standard laboratory procedures, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Standard solid media, i.e. MacConkey, xylose lysine deoxycholate, bismuth sulfite and Salmonella-Shigella agars, as well as selenite and tetrathionate (Preuss) were used to detect Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio species. In addition, Skirrow agar supplemented with 10% sheep blood was inoculated for the detection of Campylobacter species. The turnaround time for stool culture results was four days. Any change in management based on culture report was recorded from the case notes and reconfirmed from pharmacy records. At the time of the study, no policy was in place in our department as to which patients should have stool culture investigation done.

DuPont HL. Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhoea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1962-75. Some antibacterial hand gel may be a good thing to take with you when you travel in case soap and hot water are not available. Be careful about what you eat and drink Man SM. The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(12):669–85 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025030. [cited 2019 May 12]. Athiyyah AF, Utsumi T, Wahyuni RM, Dinana Z, Yamani LN, Soetjipto, et al. Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Rotavirus Infection Among Pediatric Patients in East Java, Indonesia During 2015–2018: Dynamic Changes in Rotavirus Genotypes From Equine-Like G3 to Typical Human G1/G3. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:940 Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00940/full. [cited 2019 May 12]. The infection can spread to other parts of your body such as your bones, joints, or the meninges that surround your brain and spinal cord. This is rare. If it does occur, it is more likely if diarrhoea is caused by salmonella infection. Irritable bowel syndrome

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Rotavirus A infections commonly present during the winter months in temperate climates. However, in most tropical areas RVA causes enteritis throughout the year without seasonal variation [ 45]. Pakistan is located in the temperate zone (between latitudes 25° and 36° N) with extreme temperature variations. In the present study RVA infection was present throughout the year with increasing frequency of RVA positive cases in winter. The results of present study are similar to previous studies reported in Pakistan with RVA predominance throughout the year [ 33, 34, 35, 38]. The same seasonal pattern was reported in Bangladesh, India and Thailand [ 46, 47, 48]. Acute diarrhea can be divided into watery and bloody, both caused by different pathogens such as Vibrio Cholerae and Campylobacter, respectively. Jansen A, Stark K, Kunkel J, Schreier E, Ignatius R, Liesenfeld O, et al. Aetiology of community-acquired, acute gastroenteritis in hospitalised adults: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 143. Bates, P.; Bailey, A.; Wood, D.; Morris, D.; Couriel, J. Comparative epidemiology of rotavirus, subgenus F (types 40 and 41) adenovirus and astrovirus gastroenteritis in children. J. Med. Virol. 1993, 39, 224–228. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

This condition may rarely be triggered by campylobacter infection, one of the causes of traveller's diarrhoea. It affects the nerves throughout your body and limbs, causing weakness and sensory problems. See the separate leaflet called Guillain-Barré syndrome for more details. Reduced effectiveness of some medicines Alam M, Akhtar YN, Ali SS, Ahmed M, Atiq M, Ansari A, et al. Seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2003; 53: 125-9. The adult dose of this is two capsules at first. This is followed by one capsule after each time you pass some diarrhoea up to a maximum of eight capsules in 24 hours. It works by slowing down your gut's activity. Seo, H.; Duan, Q.; Zhang, W. Vaccines against gastroenteritis, current progress and challenges. Gut Microbes 2020, 11, 1486–1517. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Morris JG Jr. Cholera and other types of vibriosis: a story of human pandemics and oysters on the half shell. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 272-80.

Parashar, U.D.; Hummelman, E.G.; Bresee, J.S.; Miller, M.A.; Glass, R.I. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 565. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Kazi AM, Warraich GJ, Qureshi S, Qureshi H, Khan MMA, Zaidi AKM, et al. Sentinel Hospital-Based Surveillance for Assessment of Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children in Pakistan. Ali M, editor. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e108221 Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108221. [cited 2017 Aug 22].