Lingva Franka (Russian Edition)

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Sogdian was used to facilitate trade between those who spoke different languages along the Silk Road, which is why native speakers of Sogdian were employed as translators in Tang China. [53] The Sogdians also ended up circulating spiritual beliefs and texts, including those of Buddhism and Christianity, thanks to their ability to communicate to many people in the region through their native language. [54] Around the Renaissance era a mixed language of Italian (80%) and many words from Turkish, French, Spanish, Greek and Arabic was used in the eastern region around the Mediterranean Sea It was in use as the language of commerce and diplomacy and was called lingua franca. At that time, in the port cities of the Ottoman empire there lived very many Italian speakers. Franca was the Italian word for Frankish. Its usage in the term lingua franca came from its meaning in Arabic. That word came into use before the Crusades, when Europeans used to be called " Franks" or Faranji in Arabic. The term lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678. [2] Examples [ change | change source ] English is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation. It has replaced French as the lingua franca of diplomacy since World War II. The rise of English in diplomacy began in 1919, after World War I, when the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as in French. The use of English profited from the important international role of English-speaking nations (the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations) after World War II, particularly in the establishment and organization of the United Nations. English is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (the other five are French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish). In the United States, as well as South America, the Yiddish language bonded Jews from many countries. Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of Ellis Island considered Yiddish their native language. Later, Yiddish was no longer the primary language for the majority of the remaining speakers and often served as a lingua franca for the Jewish immigrants who did not know each other's primary language, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Yiddish was also the language in which second-generation immigrants often continued to communicate with their relatives who remained in Europe or moved to Israel, with English, Spanish or Portuguese being the primary language of the first and Russian, Romanian, or Hebrew that of the second. [ citation needed] Pre-Columbian North America [ edit ] Classic Maya [ edit ]

English as a lingua franca - Wikipedia

German served as a lingua franca in portions of Europe for centuries, mainly the Holy Roman Empire outside of the sphere of influence of the Hanseatic League, which used Low German, and to a lesser extent in Eastern Europe where the Polish Empire and the Russian Empire dominated, and South-Eastern Europe where the Ottoman Empire was the dominant cultural influence over the centuries. In fact, the Romantic movement with Goethe and Schiller at its top, at the end of the 18th century, served as a rediscovery of the German language for the German people that used, at this point, largely French as a lingua franca like almost all European regions, but German can be indeed still considered as a lingua franca though with far less importance than French until the 20th century or English today. [ citation needed] Talbot, Cynthia (2001), Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra, New York: Oxford University Press, pp.27–37, ISBN 978-0-19-513661-6 GRAMELOVÁ, Lucie. O namibijské němčině (Líza Getta). jazykový koutek [online]. 2018-10-12 [cit. 2022-04-03]. Dostupné online. Definition of VERNACULAR". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 . Retrieved 11 May 2021. A lingua franca (originally Italian for "Frankish language" - see etymology below) is a language that is used between persons who do not have the same mother tongue. [1]Classical Māori was the lingua franca (formed out of many dialects, albeit all mutually intelligible) [44] [45] of both Te Ika-ā-Māui and Te Waipounamu for the 800 years before the European settlement of New Zealand, where it was used for trade, inter-iwi dialogue on marae, and education through wānanga. [45] [46] The period between the 16th and 19th centuries is known as "Te Puawaitanga", or the flowering period, during which time Classical Māori thrived. [47] After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, Classical Māori remained the lingua franca of the nascent Colony of New Zealand until English superseded it in the 1870s. [48] The language was initially vital for all European and Chinese migrants in New Zealand to learn, [49] as Māori formed a majority of the population, owned nearly all the country's land and dominated the economy until the 1860s. [50] [51] After the success of the Europeans during the New Zealand Wars and increasing land confiscation drove power into the hands of Pākehā, discriminatory laws such as the Native Schools Act 1867 contributed to the demise of Classical Māori as a lingua franca. [52] Pieter Muysken, "Introduction: Conceptual and methodological issues in areal linguistics", in Pieter Muysken, From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics, 2008 ISBN 90-272-3100-1, p. 30–31 [1] Examples of lingua francas are numerous and exist on every continent. The most utilized modern example is English, which is the current dominant lingua franca of international diplomacy, business, science, technology and aviation, but many other languages serve, or have served at different historical periods, as lingua francas in particular regions, countries, or in special contexts. World War II and the expulsion of Germans from many European countries between 1945 and 1950 had a disastrous effect on the use of the German language in Central and Eastern Europe, where it was often suppressed and eventually dropped as a lingua franca by the mid-to-late 20th century being replaced by Russian during the Cold War and nowadays by English. [ citation needed] Italian [ edit ]

Definition and Examples of a Lingua Franca - ThoughtCo

German is used as a lingua franca in Switzerland to some extent; however, English is generally preferred to avoid favouring it over the three other official languages. Middle Low German used to be the Lingua franca during the late Hohenstaufen till the mid 15th century periods, in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea when extensive trading was done by the Hanseatic League along the Baltic and North Seas. German remains a widely studied language in Central Europe and the Balkans, especially in former Yugoslaiva. Yiddish originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to central and eastern Europe and eventually to other continents. For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews. Eastern Yiddish, three dialects of which are still spoken today, includes a significant but varying percentage of words from Slavic, Romanian and other local languages. [ citation needed] Chandra, Abhimanyu. "How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh". Scroll.in . Retrieved 21 February 2019.In Lingua Franca (the specific language), lingua is from the Italian for 'a language'. Franca is related to Greek Φρᾰ́γκοι ( Phránkoi) and Arabic إِفْرَنْجِي ( ʾifranjiyy) as well as the equivalent Italian—in all three cases, the literal sense is ' Frankish', leading to the direct translation: 'language of the Franks'. During the late Byzantine Empire, Franks was a term that applied to all Western Europeans. [16] [17] [18] The overall phrase of lingua franca is also speculated [ by whom?] to originate from lisan al-Faranja ( لسان الفرنجة‎) which also means the 'language of the Franks'. [19] Mende is a regional lingua franca of southeastern Sierra Leone, although almost the entire population speaks the Krio language. [ citation needed] Ngambay [ edit ]

LINGUA FRANCA History of LINGUA FRANCA

Název „lingua franca“ (jinak také sabir) byl původně používán Araby, a sice k pojmenování všech románských jazyků, zejména italštiny (Arabové všechny národy v západní Evropě označovali jako „Franky“). Později se tak označoval jazyk s románskou slovní zásobou (většina slov odvozena ze španělštiny a italštiny) a velmi jednoduchou gramatikou, který byl až do konce 19. století používán námořníky ve Středozemním moři, částečně na Středním východě a severní Africe. Malay is currently used primarily in Malaysia (as Malaysian) and Brunei, and to a lesser extent in Singapore, parts of Sumatra and in the deep south of Thailand. One of Singapore's four official languages, the Malay language or 'Bahasa Melayu' was the lingua franca for Singapore prior to the introduction of English as a working and instructional language, and remains so for the elder generation. [ citation needed] Standard Chinese [ edit ] A letter dated 1266 from Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire to the " King of Japan" (日本國王) was written in Classical Chinese. Now stored in Todai-ji, Nara, Japan. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. – Elsevier, 2009. – С. 110–113. – ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7. An Azerbaijanian koiné functioned for centuries as a lingua franca, serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia, in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan. Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century.Its plurals in English are lingua francas and linguae francae, [25] [26] with the former being first-listed [25] [26] or only-listed [24] in major dictionaries. Akan can be regarded as the main lingua franca of Ghana, although mainly in the south. [ citation needed] Afrikaans [ edit ] Bantu Botatwe is the lingua franca of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. Nyanja is also a main language. [ citation needed] Ewondo [ edit ] Even in countries not associated with the English-speaking world, English has emerged as a lingua franca in certain situations where its usage is perceived to be more efficient to communicate, especially among groups consisting of native speakers of a variety of languages. For example, in Qatar, the medical community is primarily made up of workers from countries without English as a native language. In medical practices and hospitals, nurses typically communicate with other professionals in English as a lingua franca. [73] This occurrence has led to interest in researching the consequences and affordances of the medical community communicating in a lingua franca. [73] English is also sometimes used as a lingua franca in Switzerland, particularly when communicating with members consisting of the multiple language communities of the country or when an interlocutor's level in the native language to whom they are communicating with is weaker. [74] Amazigh or Tamazight is spoken in Maghreb. During the rise of Amazigh dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads between 1040 and 1500, Berber served as both the vernacular and lingua franca of Northwest Africa. Today the language is less influential due to its suppression and marginalization, and the adoption of French and Arabic by the political regimes of the Berber world as working languages. However, Tuareg, a branch of the Berber languages, is still playing the role of a lingua franca to some extent in some vast parts of the Sahara Desert, especially in southern Algeria and Libya, and northern Mali and western Niger. Tamazight has become an official language of Morocco in 2011. In Algeria, Tamazight has been a national language since 2002, and an official state Language in 2016. [ citation needed] Arabic [ edit ]

lingua franca - Wiktionary, the free dictionary lingua franca - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

German was a lingua franca in large portions of Europe for centuries, mainly the Holy Roman Empire. Nefamese is a pidgin that was once the main lingua franca of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, although it has been increasingly replaced by Hindi. [ citation needed] Nepali [ edit ] Robert Beverley, ca. 1673–1722. The History and Present State of Virginia, In Four Parts. I. The History of the First Settlement of Virginia, and the Government Thereof, to the Present Time. II. The Natural Productions and Conveniencies of the Country, Suited to Trade and Improvement. III. The Native Indians, Their Religion, Laws, and Customs, in War and Peace. IV. The Present State of the Country, as to the Polity of the Government, and the Improvements of the Land. By a Native and Inhabitant of the Place". Docsouth.unc.edu . Retrieved 21 February 2019. There are more Arabic speakers in Africa than in Asia. It is spoken as an official language in all of the continent's Arab League states. Arabic is also spoken as a trade language across the Sahara as far as the Sahel, including parts of Mali, Chad and Borno State in Nigeria. Varieties and Arabic-based pidgins function as the lingua francas of Sudan ( Sudanese Arabic), Chad ( Chadian Arabic; mainly in the northern half of the country), and South Sudan ( Juba Arabic; mainly the Equatoria region). Sudan has a majority of people that speak Arabic natively and minorities that speak various other languages in addition to Arabic, while native Arabic speakers are a significant minority in Chad and a very small minority in South Sudan. [ citation needed] Bantu Botatwe [ edit ]Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "Some Thoughts on the Sources for the Il-Khanid Period of Persian History". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. British Institute of Persian Studies. 12: 185–188. doi: 10.2307/4300510. JSTOR 4300510. Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term Lingua Franca (as the name of the particular language) was first recorded in English during the 1670s, [22] although an even earlier example of the use of it in English is attested from 1632, where it is also referred to as "Bastard Spanish". [23] Usage notes [ edit ] At present it is the second most used language in international trade, and the third most used in politics, diplomacy and culture after English and French. [81] Tagalog was declared the official language in 1897 by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. [31] Native Tagalog speakers are one of the country's largest linguistic and cultural groups, numbering an estimated 14 million. The Filipino language, which is the standardised register of Tagalog, is taught in schools nationwide and is an official language of education and business along with English. [32]