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a b c d e f "Melanoma Risk factors". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017. Some histopathological types of melanoma are inherently invasive, including nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, where the in situ counterpart to lentigo maligna melanoma is lentigo maligna. [85] Lentigo maligna is sometimes classified as a very early melanoma, [86] and sometimes a precursor to melanoma. [87] Davies MA, Samuels Y (October 2010). "Analysis of the genome to personalize therapy for melanoma". Oncogene. 29 (41): 5545–55. doi: 10.1038/onc.2010.323. PMC 3169242. PMID 20697348. Yeh I, Tee MK, Botton T, Shain AH, Sparatta AJ, Gagnon A, etal. (November 2016). "NTRK3 kinase fusions in Spitz tumours". The Journal of Pathology. 240 (3): 282–290. doi: 10.1002/path.4775. PMC 5071153. PMID 27477320. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link) Australia has a very high – and increasing – rate of melanoma. In 2012, deaths from melanoma occurred in 7.3–9.8 per 100,000 population. In Australia, melanoma is the third most common cancer in either sex; indeed, its incidence is higher than for lung cancer, although the latter accounts for more deaths. It is estimated that in 2012, more than 12,000 Australians were diagnosed with melanoma: given Australia's modest population, this is better expressed as 59.6 new cases per 100,000 population per year; >1 in 10 of all new cancer cases were melanomas. [153] Melanoma incidence in Australia is matter of significance, for the following reasons:

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A 2012 review notes that when there is an accumulation of ROS in the cells, they can cause cellular damage and stress. ROS has links to aging, cancer, and diabetes. In the European Union, interferon is usually not used outside the scope of clinical trials. [122] [123] Chemotherapy [ edit ] Some conditions and environmental factors can decrease or increase the amount of melanin in the skin. As an alternative to surgery, depending on where the melanoma is and your overall health for surgery, your doctor might recommend treatment with a cream called imiquimod which you apply on the affected area.Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2017:563‐585). Advances in high resolution ultrasound scanning have enabled surveillance of metastatic burden to the sentinel lymph nodes. [191] The Screening and Surveillance of Ultrasound in Melanoma trial (SUNMEL) is evaluating ultrasound as an alternative to invasive surgical methods. [192] Oncolytic virotherapy [ edit ] Huang Y, Minigh J, Miles S, Niles RM (February 2008). "Retinoic acid decreases ATF-2 phosphorylation and sensitizes melanoma cells to taxol-mediated growth inhibition". Journal of Molecular Signaling. 3: 3. doi: 10.1186/1750-2187-3-3. PMC 2265711. PMID 18269766. USCS Data Visualizations". gis.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020 . Retrieved 7 March 2020. Need to select "melanoma"

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Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (January 2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 94 (1): 25–38. doi: 10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674. S2CID 23515325. Differences in skin pigmentation between people are due to the ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin, as well as the number of melanocytes. In January 2014, the FDA approved the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib for the treatment of people with BRAF V600E/K-mutant metastatic melanoma. [181] In June 2018, the FDA approved the combination of a BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and a MEK inhibitor binimetinib for the treatment of un-resectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation. [182] A number of rare mutations, which often run in families, greatly increase melanoma susceptibility. [33] Several genes increase risks. Some rare genes have a relatively high risk of causing melanoma; some more common genes, such as a gene called MC1R that causes red hair, have a relatively lower elevated risk. Genetic testing can be used to search for the mutations. [ citation needed]Melanomas are usually caused by DNA damage resulting from exposure to UV light from the sun. Genetics also play a role. [18] [19] Melanoma can also occur in skin areas with little sun exposure (i.e. mouth, soles of feet, palms of hands, genital areas). [20] People with dysplastic nevus syndrome, also known as familial atypical multiple mole melanoma, are at increased risk for the development of melanoma. [21] Rünger TM, Farahvash B, Hatvani Z, Rees A (January 2012). "Comparison of DNA damage responses following equimutagenic doses of UVA and UVB: a less effective cell cycle arrest with UVA may render UVA-induced pyrimidine dimers more mutagenic than UVB-induced ones". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (1): 207–15. doi: 10.1039/c1pp05232b. PMID 22005748. S2CID 25209863. Ross MI, Gershenwald JE (May–June 2013). "Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: a critical update for dermatologists after two decades of experience". Clinics in Dermatology. 31 (3): 298–310. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.08.004. PMID 23608449.