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For example, in the words ‘laugh’ and ‘cough’, the diagraph ‘gh’ is pronounced like an ‘f’, because it is at the end of the word. Rarely, a single letter is used to represent multiple sounds. A useful example of this is the letter ‘x’, which normally represents the two letters ‘ks’ when sounded together, for example in the word ‘expect’. Hyphenation is used for clarity too. For example, in the sentence: ‘ the pub has an old-world charm’, the hyphen tells the reader that the pub’s appeal lies in its ‘old world’ charm.

English has relatively complicated spelling rules because of the complex history of the English language. The English language contains 24 to 27 (depending on dialect) separate consonant phonemes and between fourteen to twenty vowels and diphthongs. However, English only uses the twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet. If we changed the sentence to include compound adjectives, it could read like this: ‘the short-tailed ginger cat ran up the pitch-dark, tree-lined path’. This difference between homophones is not always clear in English spelling and in these cases you will have to work it out from the context.

Serwis może być pomocny dla uczniów i studentów w celu szybkiego sprawdzenia pisowni, w sytuacji gdy na komputerze, tablecie czy komórce nie ma zainstalowanego edytora tekstów czy słownika ortograficznego. Prefixes are hyphenated in English writing when it would be confusing to leave the hyphen out. For example: ‘He re-covered the chair’ means he put a new covering on the chair. The the words ‘bough’, ‘trough’, through’, thorough’, ‘enough’ all contain the letters ‘ough’ yet have a different pronunciation. This can seem very confusing and illogical to EFL learners. The Old-English professor’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘English professor’ is old (we could also mean the old professor is from England), when we really want to talk about a professor who is a specialist in ‘ Old English‘. There are many spellings in the English language which do not look at all like they sound. There are functionless letters, such as the ‘b’ in ‘debt’ (from Latin ‘debitum’) the ‘s’ in ‘island’ (from the Latin insula instead of the more useful Norse igland).

When an ‘e’ is sounded, it usually denotes that the word is of foreign extraction, for example, when using an accent on words such as ‘cafe’. Other examples include ‘ph’ sounding like ‘f’ (e.g. the diagraph ‘ph’ in ‘telephone’ and ‘graph’ perform the same function as the ‘f’ in ‘golf’ and ‘beef’ and ‘yourself’). The hyphen is a punctuation mark used in English writing that is used to keep two words or phrases together. It shows the reader that two words are linked, whether that is to create a new word or simply to aid clarity. However, when used in the words ‘Ghana’, ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghost’, the diagraph ‘gh’ rhymes with the ‘g’ in ‘garden’, (a hard ‘g’) because it is used at the start of the word.

Explore this section further to learn more about English punctuation and genre, form and register in English writing. The diagraph ‘gh’ in English orthography can be used in many circumstances with different pronunciations, however, such as in the words ‘high’, ‘through’ and ’borough’. The last two words here are part of the notorious ‘ough’ letter combination. Ough Words You will be able to choose from a huge number of tests that are assigned to several categories. The vast majority of tests are for free. Your results will be evaluated and saved so you will be able to review your mistakes later. At the moment, our application, which we continually expand and refine, covers the following thematic areas:

Interestingly, the end letter ‘e’ used to be pronounced aloud in Middle English. The last letter changed to become silent during the Great Vowel Shift of the Early Modern period, which paved the way for Modern English. These kinds of words are called homographs in English orthography because they have different meanings but the same spelling. Hyphenation in English orthography English orthography is the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. English orthography uses a set of rules that governs how speech is represented in writing. Discover how the English writing system was shaped by England’s history in our History of English section. They had a long-standing friendship’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘standing friendship’ is long.Notice: Undefined variable: output in /hermes/walnacweb05/walnacweb05ac/b162/moo.myenglishlanguagecom/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-plugin-for-simple-google-adsense-insertion/WP-Simple-Adsense-Insertion.php on line 117 Spelling may also be used to distinguish between English homophones (words with the same pronunciation but different meanings).