Full Pupp Presents: The Greatest Tits, Vol. 1

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Perrins, C. M. (1965). "Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the great tit, Parus major L" (PDF). The Journal of Animal Ecology. 34 (3): 601–647. doi: 10.2307/2453. JSTOR 2453.

a b Ehrlich, Paul; Dobkin, David; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart (1994). The Birdwatcher's Handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-858407-0. a b Kvist, Laura; Martens, Jochen; Higuchi, Hiroyoshi; Nazarenko, Alexander A; Valchuk, Olga P.; Orell, Markku (2003). "Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit ( Parus major) complex". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1523): 1447–1454. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2321. PMC 1691391. PMID 12965008. Wiggins, David A.; Moller, Anders P.; Sorensen, Martin; Brand, L. Arriana (1998). "Island Biogeography and the reproductive ecology of great tits Parus major". Oecologia. 115 (4): 478–482. Bibcode: 1998Oecol.115..478W. doi: 10.1007/s004420050544. PMID 28308267. S2CID 10078007.Swann, H Kirke (1913). A dictionary of English and folk-names of British Birds. Witherby & Co, London. p.108. ISBN 978-0-7158-1239-6. Nowakowski, Jarosław K. (2001). "Speed and synchronization of autumn migration of the Great Tit ( Parus major) along the eastern and the southern Baltic coast" (PDF). The Ring. 23 (1): 55–71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Fitze, PS; Kölliker M; Heinz Richner (2003). "Effects of Common Origin and Common Environment on Nestling Plumage Coloration in the Great Tit ( Parus major)". Evolution. 57 (1): 144–150. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00222.x. PMID 12643574. S2CID 24748894. P. m. corsus, described by Kleinschmidt in 1903, is found in Portugal, southern Spain, and Corsica. A study published in 2005 confirmed that the major group was distinct from the cinereus and minor groups and that along with P.m. bokharensis it diverged from these two groups around 1.5 million years ago. The divergence between the bokharensis and major groups was estimated to have been about half a million years ago. The study also examined hybrids between representatives of the major and minor groups in the Amur Valley where the two meet. Hybrids were rare, suggesting that there were some reproductive barriers between the two groups. The study recommended that the two eastern groups be split out as new species, the cinereous tit ( Parus cinereus), and the Japanese tit ( Parus minor), but that the Turkestan tit be lumped in with the great tit. [8] This taxonomy has been followed by some authorities, for example the IOC World Bird List. [9] The Handbook of the Birds of the World volume treating the Parus species went for the more traditional classification, treating the Turkestan tit as a separate species but retaining the Japanese and cinereous tits with the great tit, [10] a move that has not been without criticism. [11]

Estók, Péter; Zsebők, Sándor; Siemers, Björn M (2010). "Great tits search for, capture, kill and eat hibernating bats". Biology Letters. 6 (1): 59–62. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0611. PMC 2817260. PMID 19740892. a b c d Winder, Lucy A.; White, Stewart A.; Nord, Andreas; Helm, Barbara; McCafferty, Dominic J. (20 April 2020). "Body surface temperature responses to food restriction in wild and captive great tits". Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (8). doi: 10.1242/jeb.220046. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 32312718. S2CID 216047432.P. m. blandfordi was described by Pražák in 1894. [13] It is found in north central and southwestern Iran. Krebs, John R. (1971). "Territory and breeding density in the Great Tit, Parus major L". Ecology. 52 (1): 3–22. doi: 10.2307/1934734. JSTOR 1934734. Inbreeding depression occurs when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. The reduced fitness is generally considered to be a consequence of the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in these offspring. In natural populations of P. major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. [44] Ecology Cresswell, Will; McCleery, Robin (2003). "How Great Tits maintain synchronisation of their hatch date with food supply in response to long-term variability in temperature". Journal of Animal Ecology. 72 (2): 356–366. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00701.x. Szulkin M, Sheldon BC (2008). "Dispersal as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wild bird population". Proc. Biol. Sci. 275 (1635): 703–11. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0989. PMC 2596843. PMID 18211876.

Great tits have been found to possess special physiological adaptations for cold environments. When preparing for winter months, the great tit can increase how thermogenic (heat producing) its blood is. [52] The mechanism for this adaptation is a seasonal increase in mitochondrial volume and mitochondrial respiration in red blood cells and increased uncoupling of the electron transport from ATP production. [52] As a result, the energy that would have been used to make ATP is released as heat and their blood becomes more thermogenic. [52] In the face of winter food shortages, the great tit has also shown a type of peripheral vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) to reduce heat loss and cold injury. [53] Reduced cold injury and heat loss is mediated by the great tits’ counter-current vascular arrangements, and peripheral vasoconstriction in major vessels in and around the birds’ bill and legs. [53] This mechanism allows uninsulated regions (i.e., bill and legs) to remain close to the surrounding temperature. In response to food restriction, the great tits’ bill temperature dropped, and once food availably was increased, bill temperatures gradually returned to normal. [53] Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the bill not only serves as an energy saving mechanism, but also reduces the amount of heat transferred from core body tissues to the skin (via cutaneous vasodilation), which, in turn, reduces heat loss rate by lowering skin temperature relative to the environment. [53] Relationship with humans The great tit's willingness to use bird-feeders and nesting boxes makes it popular with the general public and useful to scientists a b Mlíkovský, Jiří (26 August 2011). "Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of bird taxa (Aves) described by an ornithological swindler, Josef Prokop Pražák (1870–1904)". Zootaxa. 3005 (3005): 45–68. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3005.1.2. P. m. karelini, described by Zarudny in 1910, is found in southeastern Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The great tit occupies a range of habitats. It is most commonly found in open deciduous woodland, mixed forests, forest edges and gardens. In dense forests, including conifer forests it prefers forest clearings. In northern Siberia it lives in boreal taiga. In North Africa it rather resides in oak forests as well as stands of Atlas cedar and even palm groves. In the east of its range in Siberia, Mongolia and China it favours riverine willow and birch forest. Riverine woodlands of willows, poplars are among the habitats of the Turkestan subspecies, as well as low scrubland, oases; at higher altitudes it occupies habitats ranging from dense deciduous and coniferous forests to open areas with scattered trees. [10]Mols, C; Visser, M; Jones, Peter (2007). Jones, Peter (ed.). "Great Tits ( Parus major) Reduce Caterpillar Damage in Commercial Apple Orchards". PLOS ONE. 2 (2): e202. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..202M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000202. PMC 1784073. PMID 17285148.

Götmark, Frank (2002). "Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great tits". Oecologia. 130 (1): 25–32. Bibcode: 2002Oecol.130...25G. doi: 10.1007/s004420100769. PMID 28547022. S2CID 19909152. Perrins, C. M.; McCleery, R. H. (1989). "Laying dates and clutch size in the Great Tit". Wilson Bulletin. 101 (2): 236–253. Wilkin, Teddy A.; King, Lucy E.; Sheldon, Ben C. (2009). "Habitat quality, nestling diet, and provisioning behaviour in great tits Parus major". Journal of Avian Biology. 40 (2): 135–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04362.x.Dubiec, Anna; Cichoñ, Mariusz (2001). "Seasonal decline in health status of Great Tit ( Parus major) nestlings". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 79 (10): 1829–1833. doi: 10.1139/cjz-79-10-1829. The great tit was described under its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. [3] Its scientific name is derived from the Latin parus "tit" and maior "larger". [4] Francis Willughby had used the name in the 17th century. [5] The 11 subspecies of the cinereous tit were once lumped with the great tit but recent genetic and bioacoustic studies now separate that group as a distinct species Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2010). "IOC World Bird Names (version 2.3)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2010. The great tit is a popular garden bird due to its acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or seed. Its willingness to move into nest boxes has made it a valuable study subject in ornithology; it has been particularly useful as a model for the study of the evolution of various life-history traits, particularly clutch size. [54] A study of a literature database search found 1,349 articles relating to Parus major for the period between 1969 and 2002. [6] Götmark, Frank; Andersson (2005). "Predation by sparrowhawks decreases with increased breeding density in a songbird, the great tit". Oecologia. 142 (2): 177–183. Bibcode: 2005Oecol.142..177G. doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1715-z. PMID 15480803. S2CID 35611518.