Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

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In 2017, an LGBT conference was scheduled to be held in Xi'an. Western reports, using the organisers blog as their source, claimed the police had detained the organisers and threatened them. [117] [118] [119] With the rise of the Tang dynasty, China became increasingly influenced by the sexual mores of foreigners from Western and Central Asia, and female companions began to accumulate the political power previously accumulated by male companions at the imperial court. [23] At the same time, the actual power of the imperial court was in decline relative to intermediate rule by scholar-bureaucrats. The first negative term for homosexuality in Chinese- 'jijian', connoting illicit sexuality- appears at this time. [24]

Lilian Lin, China's Censors Pull More Web Dramas, Including Hit Rom-Com in ChinaRealTime (China blog of The Wall Street Journal), 21 January 2016 A 2016 survey from the Beijing LGBT Center found only 5% of those who identified as LGBT had come out to everyone in their lives. [152] Offord, Baden (2013). "Queer Activist Intersections in Southeast Asia: Human Rights and Cultural Studies". Asian Studies Review. 37 (3): 335–349. doi: 10.1080/10357823.2013.792781. ISSN 1035-7823. a b Chang, Stewart (2016-01-01). "Legacies of Exceptionalism and the Future of Gay Rights in Singapore". Scholarly Works. The earliest law against homosexual prostitution in China dates from the Zhenghe era (政和, 1111–1118) of Emperor Zhao Ji (趙佶) in the Song dynasty (960–1279), punishing nánchāng ( 男娼), young males who act as prostitutes, with a punishment of 100 blows with heavy bamboo and a fine of 50,000 cash. Another text from the Song dynasty prohibits the offense of bu nan ( Chinese: 不男; lit.'[being] not man', crossdressing). [16] They were never enforced. [12] Ming dynasty [ edit ]Yang, Caini (8 November 2022). "China's Plan to Ban Online Sale of Hormone Drugs Worries Trans Women". Sixth Tone . Retrieved 9 January 2023. China prohíbe los "hombres afeminados" en la televisión". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2021-09-03 . Retrieved 2021-11-15. Jeffreys, Elaine; Wang, Pan (2013). "The rise of Chinese-foreign marriage in mainland China, 1979–2010". China Information. 27 (3): 347–349. doi: 10.1177/0920203X13492791. hdl: 10453/27074. S2CID 147243003.

In January 2019, two men launched legal challenges against Hong Kong's same-sex marriage ban, arguing that the refusal to recognize and perform same-sex marriages is a violation of the Basic Law. The Hong Kong High Court has given permission for the cases to proceed. [52] [53] Adoption and parenting [ edit ] In July 2021, the WeChat accounts of the several LGBT associations from Chinese universities were closed. The accounts that were closed include some of the most important and influential university associations including: Purple from Tsinghua, Colorsworld from Peking University, Zhihe from Fudan University etc. [79] WeChat’s parent company, Tencent declined to comment on the account closures. [80]The spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wang Wenbin, responded to this by stating that he was not aware of the situation, and claimed that "the Chinese government manages the Internet according to law". [81] However, Ned Price, the US State Department spokesperson expressed that the accounts were “merely expressing their views, exercising their right to freedom of expression and freedom of speech”. [80] Gay man sues for right to marry in China's first same-sex marriage lawsuit South China Morning Post, 6 January 2016 Po-Han Lee, a scholar at the University of Sussex, claims that the regulation of LGBT activism in Asia has increased in recent years as governments attempt to dissociate with the “individualistic” West. [134] He argues that there has been an “awakening of cultural nationalism and the re-emergence of sexual conservatism”, fuelled by post-colonial trauma. [135] In the same year, the ShanghaiPRIDE Film Festival opened. [82] [83] It was founded by Matthew Baren, a Shanghai-based filmmaker, [84] and Alvin Li, an LGBT volunteer who lives in the US and China. [85] [86]Critics argue that China’s acceptance of UN policy on LGBT rights is a foreign policy manoeuvre to appease the international community. [130] Darius Longarino describes this phenomenon as China wanting “to sound tolerant on the world stage”, despite their disregard for LGBT rights. [130] Those who served the ruler and succeeded in delighting his ears and eyes, those who caught their lord's fancy and won his favor and intimacy, did so not only through the power of lust and love; each had certain abilities in which he excelled. Thus I made The Biographies of the Emperors' Male Favorites. A 2010 photographic campaign dubbed "Smile4Gay", which featured heterosexual mainland Chinese holding signs in support for LGBT people and LGBT rights, attracted more than 4,409 willing participants, a figure which more than twice surpassed the founder's initial estimated turnout. While a majority of the supporters came from those in their twenties, several adolescents, middle-aged adults, and even elderly individuals showed their support. Multiple Buddhist monks also posed. [68] After the Song dynasty, homosexual behavior was most documented amongst the gentry and merchant classes, since these were the people who were doing most of the writing. Practically all officials of this class maintained a wife or wives to produce heirs, and used their economic advantage to engage in relationships, heterosexual and homosexual, which gave them unequal power. [27] Thus documentation focuses on male courtesans or "singing boys" in luxurious but decadent surroundings who must take on a female role to please wealthy patrons intent on maintaining their role as the masculine partner in the agreement. [28]

Physical health requirements effectively bar transgender people have undergone or undergoing medical transition from serving) [167] Hildebrandt, Timothy (2018-12-01). "NGOs and the success paradox: gay activism 'after' HIV/AIDS in China". eprints.lse.ac.uk . Retrieved 2023-11-26.In the 1980s, greater public discussion and research of homosexuality became permitted. One of the first Hong Kong gay rights activists and writers to study the history of homosexuality in China was Xiaomingxiong (also known as Samshasha), author of the comprehensive "The History of Homosexuality in China" (1984). [52] By the mid-1980s Chinese researchers on the mainland had begun investigating same-sex relationships in China. Some of the most notable work was conducted by sexologist Ruan Fangfu, who in 1991 published in English Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture. [53] Chan, Tara Francis. (24 May 2018). China's 'Great Firewall' is taller than ever under 'president-for-life' Xi Jinping. Business Insider. Germany Kang, Wenqing (2009). Obsession: Male Same-Sex Relations in China, 1900-1950. Vol.1 of Queer Asia. Hong Kong University Press. p.94. ISBN 978-9622099814. ... shall receive 100 blows of the heavy bamboo, in application by analogy of the statute 'pouring foul material into the mouth ... "the statute quoted above never mentions jian at all, let alone the Qing legal term for sodomy, jijian. China urged to worked with activists after 'landmark' acceptance of UNHRC's LGBT+ rights". Devdiscourse. 7 March 2019. The aristocratic poet Yu Xin was representative of the more subtle system of patronage which existed without the stigma of prostitution, whereby a poorer or younger man could provide sexual service to a more established man in return for political advancement. Yu Xin opened his home and provided a standing reference for the younger Wang Shao, who repaid him by serving as a sort of butler and sex provider. Wang Shao went on to become an official censor. [22]

Ye, Shana (2021), "Queering "Postsocialist Coloniality": Decolonising queer fluidity and Postsocialist postcolonial China", Postcolonial and Postsocialist Dialogues, Routledge, doi: 10.4324/9781003003199-6/queering-postsocialist-coloniality-shana-ye, ISBN 978-1-003-00319-9 , retrieved 2023-11-26 On 31 December 2015, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association posted new guidelines, including a ban on showing LGBT relationships on television. The regulations stated: "No television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviours, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on." [95] These new regulations have begun to affect web dramas, [96] which have historically had fewer restrictions: [97]

The Handmaiden (2016) 

Manoli, Maria (May 30, 2017). "Sexuality in ancient China, part 2". GBTimes. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019 . Retrieved March 8, 2020. The image is of two men embracing one another; the face of one is somewhat hoary with age, the other tender and pale. [Their temple] is commonly called the small official temple. All those debauched and shameless rascals who on seeing youths or young men desire to have illicit intercourse with them pray for assistance from the plaster idol. Then they make plans to entice and obtain the objects of their desire. This is known as the secret assistance of Hu Tianbao. Afterwards they smear the idol's mouth with pork intestine and sugar in thanks. [38]