Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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The two crucial New Guinean species used in the production of anti-venom are Oxyuranus scutellatus and Acanthophis laevis. Major species of South and Southeast Asian snakes used in antivenom production include Calloselasma rhodostoma, Echis carinatus, Naja spp., Daboia spp., Bungarus spp., and Cryptelytrops spp. In Africa, species belonging to Cerastes, Dendroaspis, Naja, Bitis, and Echis genera are significant for antivenom production [ 161]. Extracts from Morus alba (Moraceae) are active against Daboia russelli venom, inhibiting the caseinolytic, hyaluronolytic, edematogenic, hemorrhagic, and procoagulant activities. According to the study, the extract neutralised the viper venom hydrolytic enzymes such as phospholipase, protease, and hyaluronidase in a dose dependent manner. These enzymes are responsible for both local effects of envenomation such as local tissue damage, inflammation and myonecrosis, and systemic effects including dysfunction of vital organs and alteration in the coagulation components. Commonly called English wild custard apple, Annona senegalensis belongs to the plant family Annonaceae.

José María Gutiérrez 1* Mariángela Vargas 1 Álvaro Segura 1 María Herrera 1 Mauren Villalta 1 Gabriela Solano 1 Andrés Sánchez 1 Cristina Herrera 2 Guillermo León 1 The discovery of new antivenoms involves significant challenges in the assessment, design, and production of potential antivenoms, and the refinement of current compounds to better meet the needs. New and much improved antivenoms with high standards can be produced in adequate volumes when multidisciplinary, international collaborative efforts are undertaken. This would help serve not a particular nation but entire regions [ 161]. Inquiries on the sources of information used in this review can be directed to the corresponding author. Author Contributions According to the study, furthermore, the extract neutralised the degradation of the Bbeta chain of human fibrinogen and indirect hemolysis caused by venom. It was also observed that the extract exerted a moderate effect on the clotting time, prolonging it only to a small extent. Edema, hemorrhage and myotoxic effects including lethality, induced by venom were neutralised significantly when different doses of the extract were pre-incubated with venom before the assays. On the other hand, animals that received extract 10 minutes after the injection of venom were protected from venom induced toxicity. JG prepared the first version of this manuscript. MVa, AS, MH, MVi, GS, AS, CH, and GL revised and contributed to the content of the manuscript. All authors revised the final version of the work and agreed with its content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding

Surrogate Tests for The Study of Neutralization of Other Toxic Activities

A method based on passive hemagglutination and its inhibition was developed for testing a monospecific Naja naja siamensis antivenom using glutaraldehyde treated sheep erythrocytes coupled with toxin 3, a neurotoxin from this venom ( 28). A similar method was used by Pradhan et al. ( 29) to assess whether it correlates with the in vivo neutralization of lethality. Erythrocytes treated with glutaraldehyde and then with tannic acid were coupled with Naja naja venom and then incubated with varying dilutions of the antivenom. Also, inhibition of hemagglutination was carried out by incubating antivenom with venom, followed by addition to venom-coated erythrocytes. A good correlation between these tests and the in vivo neutralization of lethality was observed. It remains to be seen whether this method works only for these α-neurotoxin-rich venoms or also for other venoms having a different toxin composition. Neutralization of In Vitro Enzymatic Activities

Snakebite envenoming exerts a heavy toll in terms of mortality and disabilities on a global basis ( 1). Owing to their public health relevance, the World Health Organization (WHO) included these envenomings as a category A disease in its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017 ( 2), and a resolution on the subject was adopted at the World Health Assembly in 2018 ( 3). More recently, the WHO launched a global strategy to prevent and control these envenomings, aimed at reducing by 50% the number of deaths and amputations due to this disease by the year 2030 ( 4). This strategy is based on four pillars, one of which is to ‘ensure safe, effective treatment’. Ahuja and Brooks ( 13) described an in vitro hemolysis test for assessing the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom in India, which correlated with the neutralization of lethality. In South Africa, Paul A. Christensen studied several in vitro activities of venoms (hemolysis, rennin-like effect, gelatinase and anticoagulant activities) and their neutralization by antivenoms. He found no correlation between the neutralization of lethality and in vitro hemolysis in the case of Naja flava (now Naja nivea) venom ( 14). As will be described later, no generalizations can be made regarding the possible substitution of in vivo toxicity tests by in vitro assays, owing to the great variability in the composition and action of snake venoms. Enzyme ImmunoassaysSeed extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) used in Nigerian communities offer significant protection to cardiac muscle tissue and blood vessels, and even protects against the lethality produced by venoms from Naja kaouthia, Naja nivea, and Calloselasma rhodostoma. This protection can be explained from the presence of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. The efficacy of Anacardium occidentale extract against pharmacological actions induced by Vipera russelli venom was observed from the neutralization of phospholipases, proteases, and hyaluronidases, as well as edema, hemorrhage, lethality, and myonecrosis effects Until now, snakebite poisoning remains a public health hazard in tropical countries. Viper snakes are among the most common types of venomous snakes, which are responsible for many envenoming and deaths in most tropical areas. Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Nectandra angustifolia (Lauraceae) leaves inhibited the hemolytic and coagulant effects produced by Bothrops neuwiedi venom Many users who have sensitive skin have found that using Syn-ake caused swelling, redness of the skin, itching, and stinging when the product was applied. While not all consumers will experience negative side effects, extreme care should be taken during the first application and the results carefully monitored before applying the product again.

An alternative to assess the inhibition of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins is an assay that quantifies the binding of these neurotoxins to purified AChR, such as those from the electric organ of fish, such as Torpedo californica ( 72). Non-radioactive variations of this assay have been described, which have great potential for antivenom evaluation in vitro. The basic set up of these procedures is based on the binding of purified AChR to α-neurotoxin bound to wells in microplates. After a washing step, antibodies against AChR are added, followed by conjugated secondary antibodies ( 73, 74). This procedure allows the detection of α-neurotoxins in venoms by a competition step whereby the venom is incubated with AChR before the addition to the α-neurotoxin coated plate ( 74). Venom has been used throughout history to treat illness and there has been a significant amount of research in recent times into the potential applications of synthetic venoms to treat a variety of ailments. For example, ziconotide from cone snails to treat chronic pain or lepirudin from leeches to prevent blood clots. The application of -Omics technologies has had a high impact in the study of snake venoms, providing novel and relevant clues for understanding their evolution and composition in their ecological and medical contexts ( 85). In particular, the field of proteomics as applied to venoms, i.e. ‘venomics’ ( 86), has shed light on the complexity of these toxic secretions ( 87, 88). An application of the study of venom proteomes to the field of antivenoms is ‘antivenomics’, a translational venomics applied to the fine characterization of the ability of antivenoms to recognize different components in venoms.

Extracts and fractions from Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae) partially neutralized Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus venom activities. Hydroalcoholic bark extract from D. alata is active against B. jararacussu venom. Aqueous crude extracts from Hibiscus aethiopicus (Malvaceae) possess significant anti-hemorrhagic and cytoprotective activities against Echis ocellatus and Naja n. nigricollis venoms Plant extracts, fractions, and isolates have demonstrated the inhibitory activity of snake venoms, including their purified toxins. These inhibitors not only reduce the local tissue damage but also delay the easy diffusion of systemic toxins, and therefore, increase the survival time of the patient. The continuity of the studies on the mechanism of action and the safety of these molecules will reveal their potential use in the development of new therapies for snakebites. Several lists of medicinal plant species with activity against snake venom have been published, adding more than a thousand species that are used in folk medicine around the world [ 12, 39]. plant species belonging to 29 genera and 17 compounds with antiophidian activity or relative properties against venoms from 34 snake species

Another study published in the journal Phytotherapy Research demonstrated the anti-snake venom properties of Tamarindus indica seed extract. There are various medicinal plants, which have been used in folk and traditional medicines against snakebites especially among the Fulani herdsmen of Northern Nigeria. But till date no such drugs are available in the market, which possess anti snake venom activity.Intramuscular injection (inhibition of myotoxic activity) and subcutaneous injection (inhibition of edema-inducing activity) Snake venoms are rich in hydrolytic enzymes. The proteomic analyses of viperid venoms have revealed a predominance of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) and serine proteinases (SPs), with variations between and within species ( 1). In turn, elapid venoms are generally rich in PLA 2s ( 1). These enzymes are responsible for some of the main pathophysiological effects in envenomings. SVMPs induce hemorrhage and coagulopathies ( 30, 31), PLA 2s are responsible for muscle necrosis and neurotoxicity, depending on the enzyme ( 32, 33), and serine proteinases induce defibrinogenation and hypotension ( 31, 34). Therefore, the study of in vitro activities associated with these enzymes has been pursued and correlated with in vivo toxicity.