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In addition to these two, there are some other general rules that are typically followed regarding compound words. Innis, T. et al. Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid–base homeostasis in reef-building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 2728–2743 (2021). Hume, B. et al. Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: Prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 72, 313–322 (2013).

When a compound modifier follows the term to which it applies, a hyphen is typically not used if the compound is a temporary compound. For example, "that gentleman is well respected", not "that gentleman is well-respected"; or "a patient-centered approach was used" but "the approach was patient centered." [23] But permanent compounds, found as headwords in dictionaries, are treated as invariable, so if they are hyphenated in the cited dictionary, the hyphenation will be used in both attributive and predicative positions. For example, "A cost-effective method was used" and "The method was cost-effective" ( cost-effective is a permanent compound that is hyphenated as a headword in various dictionaries). When one of the parts of the modifier is a proper noun or a proper adjective, there is no hyphen (e.g., "a South American actor"). [24] Look for ways to deconstruct the word naturally. For example, if a word uses prefixes or suffixes, you can use these to divide a word. Pogoreutz, C. et al. Coral holobiont cues prime Endozoicomonas for a symbiotic lifestyle. ISME J. 16, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01226-7 (2022). Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms, when employed in concert with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but the most formal texts. Cziesielski, M. J., Schmidt-Roach, S. & Aranda, M. The past, present, and future of coral heat stress studies. Ecol. Evol. 9, 10055–10066 (2019).Johnson, M. D. et al. Rapid ecosystem-scale consequences of acute deoxygenation on a Caribbean coral reef. Nat. Commun. 12, 1–12 (2021). Alderdice, R. et al. Disparate Inventories of hypoxia gene sets across corals align with inferred environmental resilience. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 649 (2022).

Soneson, C., Love, M. I. & Robinson, M. D. Differential analyses for RNA-seq: Transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences. F1000Research 4, 1521 (2015). To subtract numbers on a computer or smartphone, a calculator or spreadsheet could be used. Hyphen in word processors Ziegler, M. et al. Integrating environmental variability to broaden the research on coral responses to future Ocean conditions. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 5532–5546 (2021). The hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying command-line options. The character is usually followed by one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Typically it is called a dash or switch in this context. Various implementations of the getopt function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters, --, to specify long option names that are more descriptive than their single-letter equivalents. Another use of hyphens is that employed by programs written with pipelining in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized in lieu of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that a standard stream, instead of a file, is to be worked with. Alderdice, R. et al. Hypoxia as a physiological cue and pathological stress for coral larvae. Mol. Ecol. 00, 1–17 (2022).

Hyphens and numbers

Soft hyphens are inserted into the text at the positions where hyphenation may occur. It can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are available that do this automatically. Current modules [ which?] of the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) standard provide language-specific hyphenation dictionaries.

Pernice, M. et al. Down to the bone: The role of overlooked endolithic microbiomes in reef coral health. ISME J. 14, 325–334 (2020).Involved in transcriptional repression through interaction with HIF1A, VHL and histone deacetylases. When flowing text, it is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on another line rather than moving the entire word to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break point between syllables ( syllabification) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a word fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows flush appearance of right-side margins ( justification) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases the problem of rivers. This kind of hyphenation is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example: Interaction with factor inhibiting HIF-1 defines an additional mode of cross-coupling between the Notch and hypoxia signaling pathways. Sánchez-Pérez, E. D. et al. Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration in the Pacific Ocean at the northern region of the oxygen minimum zone off Mexico between the last two PDO cool phases. J. Mar. Syst. 222, 103607 (2021).

Hyphens are usually used to connect numbers and words in modifying phrases. Such is the case when used to describe dimensional measurements of weight, size, and time, under the rationale that, like other compound modifiers, they take hyphens in attributive position (before the modified noun), [26] although not in predicative position (after the modified noun). This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. Thus 28-year-old woman and twenty-eight-year-old woman or 32-foot wingspan and thirty-two-foot wingspan, but the woman is 28 years old and a wingspan of 32 feet. [a] However, with symbols for SI units (such as m or kg)—in contrast to the names of these units (such as metre or kilogram)—the numerical value is always separated from it with a space: a 25kg sphere. When the unit names are spelled out, this recommendation does not apply: a 25-kilogram sphere, a roll of 35-millimetre film. [27] When using a hyphen to join two words, search for an adjacent pair of words describing a noun. Such a couple of words is always joined together with a hyphen to clarify the sentence. For example: Like vs. Like-Like: A Look at Reduplication in English". Dictionary.com. 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2023.

Patient concerns

After going through these different rules, it becomes crystal clear that we usually insert a hyphen in between a pair of adjectives and numbers. Moreover, we may also use hyphens for Enunciation and certain compound words. In all other cases, it often depends upon the circumstances. The Hyphen | Infographic Alexa, A. & Rahnenführer, J. Gene set enrichment analysis with topGO. http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/alexa (2019). As with high light and high temperature stress for corals 22, 43, 44, hypoxia is also known to induce oxidative stress in metazoans by modifying mitochondrial activity to result in decreased ATP synthesis and increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) production 45. Our recent studies have demonstrated that gene expression profiles of corals exposed to deoxygenation show evidence for reduced mitochondrial complex I activity and enhanced formation of ROS-handling molecules 12, 25, 34. Importantly, enhanced ROS and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production has been indicated to be an important signal, along with low O 2, to activate the HIF-HRS 46. Thus, it is entirely plausible that hypoxia may be an underlying trigger of oxidative cellular stress in bleaching coral. Reaction=2-oxoglutarate + L-asparaginyl-[hypoxia-inducible factor alpha subunit] + O2 = (3S)-3-hydroxy-L-asparaginyl-[hypoxia-inducible factor alpha subunit] + CO2 + succinate; Xref= RHEA:54268, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:13833, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:13834, CHEBI:15379, CHEBI:16526, CHEBI:16810, CHEBI:30031, CHEBI:50347, CHEBI:138107; EC=1.14.11.30; Evidence={ ECO:0000269 PubMed: 12042299, 12080085, 14701857, 17573339}. HIF1N_HUMAN,Q9NWT6 Clark, T. N.; Houriet, J.; Vidar, W. S.; Kellogg, J. J.; Todd, D. A.; Cech, N. B.*; Linington, R. G.* Interlaboratory Comparison of Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Da