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CHEOS) was approved in 2010 and was initially planned to consist of seven Gaofen satellites and a near space and airborne system and a ground segment, according to China National Space Administration (CNSA) presentations to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Gaofen-4, employs GEO remote sensing bus, configured with a 50m staring camera, operating on the geo-synchronous orbit. GF-4 can provide an imaging area of 7000km×7000km with individual scene covering an area of 400km×400km, and with capacity for high temporal resolution remote sensing monitor at minute-level. GF-4 is designed for 8 years life. Launched in late 2015, GF-4 was China's first geosynchronous orbit high-definition optical imaging satellite and claimed to be "the world's most sophisticated". The satellite can cover more than 26 million sq km including 8.5 million sq km in China and 17.7 million sq km overseas, with an optical spatial resolution of better than 50 metres as well as infrared sensing capabilities. The 4,600kg satellite is part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) which, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA), aims to provide China with all-weather, all-day and global Earth observation coverage by 2020. The GF-1 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally in September 2016. Its data are widely used in the fields of land dynamic monitoring, mineral resources exploring, environment monitoring, disaster monitoring and mitigation, etc. 10) CRESDA planned to have the entire CHEOS series of satellites in orbit by 2020, but the window has been extended to allow additional satellites to be deployed. Gaofen Missions in the CHEOS Program

The satellite is configured with two 2 m barrel-mounted panchromatic/8 m MS (Multispectral) cameras, and a set of 4 WFIs (Wide Field Imagers) with 16 m MS medium-resolution and a combined swath of 830 km. The revisit frequency of the spacecraft is ≤4 days and the observation range of the mission covers a region between 80ºN to ~80ºS. The data of the GF-1 mission are being used in the following application areas: land resource investigation, mineral resource management, atmospheric and water environment quality monitoring, and natural disaster emergency response and monitoring. As you can see, the choice between chaos and cheos can depend on the context in which they are used. Understanding the nuances of these terms can help us better navigate complex systems and situations. Exceptions To The Rules China's HD Earth Observation Satellite Put into Use," CRIEnglish.com, Dec. 30, 2013, URL: http://english.cri.cn/6909/2013/12/30/2743s805813.htmDecember 30, 2013: Gaofen-1, China's high-definition Earth observation satellite, has been formally put into service, as reported by SASTIND (State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense). 15) 16) 17) TCS (Thermal Control Subsystem): The TCS employs mainly passive thermal control methods (such as heat insulation, scatter heat, isothermal), aided with active thermal control methods.

When it comes to the words chaos and cheos, people often use them interchangeably without realizing that they have different meanings. Here are some common mistakes to avoid: Using Chaos And Cheos Interchangeably The PMC is a high-resolution pushbroom imager which observes in one near-infrared (NIR) and three visible (blue, green and red) bands at a spatial resolution of 8 m. It also images in the visible range through PAN with a spatial resolution of 2 m. It is made up of two cameras with Time Delay Integration (TDI) that together observe at a swath width of 69 km (nadir). The WFI is a medium-resolution pushbroom camera set also with TDI capability. The four barrel-mounted cameras have a combined overlapping swath of 830 km. Each one is imaged in three visible bands and one NIR band with a spatial resolution of 16 m. The BRITE-PL-2 nanosatellite, also referred to as Heweliusz, of SRC/PAS (Space Research Center/ Polish Academy of Sciences of Warsaw, Poland. Figure 4: Overview of Chinese institutions involoved in the CNSA EOSDC (Earth Observation System & Data Center, Ref. 3) Since the inception of the Gaofen project in 2013, China had an increasingly clear view of the planet. Launched in April 2013, Gaofen-1 (gao fen = high resolution) can cover the globe in just four days. On 26 April 2013 the first satellite of CHEOS was successfully launched by LM-2D, which marked that CHEOS had entered into a new stage with features "contructing, operating, applying". This launching has also carried 3 microsatellites which is made by Ecuador, Argentina, Turkey. Gaofen-1 is based on the CAST small satellite bus designed and developed by the China SpaceSat Co. Ltd. of Beijing (also referred to as DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.), the commercial subsidiary of CAST (Chinese Academy of Space Technology). F-1 employs the CAST-2000 bus, it is configured with two 2 m Pan/8 m MS camera and a four 16 m MS medium-resolution and wide-field camera set. GF-1 realizes an integration of imaging capacity at medium and high spatial resolution and with a wide swath, the design life is 5 years with a goal of 8 years.By the end of March 2014, an amount of 550,000 scenes have been delivered. Among them, the 2 m Pan and 8 m MS data covering an area of about 93% of China effectively; the 16 m MS data cover China over 10 times effectively.

Gaofen satellites are optical and radar remote sensing satellites that form the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS). The program was approved in 2010 and the first satellite, Gaofen 1, launched in 2013. Gaofen-1 satellite goes into service," Xinhua, Dec. 31, 2013, URL: http://www.shanghaidaily.com/national/Gaofen1-satellite-goes-into-service/shdaily.shtml The spaceborne CHEOS program, consisting of 7 optical/microwave satellites, was approved by the Chinese government in 2010 and will be completely activated by 2020. The overall goal of the CHEOS program is: 2) In certain fields, such as mathematics or physics, chaos and cheos may have specific meanings that differ from their general usage. For instance, chaos theory in mathematics refers to the study of nonlinear systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, while cheos may be used in physics to describe a state of matter that is neither solid nor liquid. 2. Regional DialectsGaofen-1 is based on the CAST small satellite bus designed and developed by the China SpaceSat Co. Ltd. of Beijing (also referred to as DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.), the commercial subsidiary of CAST (Chinese Academy of Space Technology). The satellite is equipped with a pair of solar panel wings, each with three solar panels. The CAST-2000 bus is a small platform with high performance, expandability and flexibility. The CAST-2000 bus is of HJ (Huan Jing)-1A and -1B mission heritage, both spacecraft were launched in Sept. 2008. CHEOS comprise optical, multispectral, hyperspectral and synthetic aperture radar satellites. A CHEOS near space segment comprising airships, air flight platforms, and airborne Earth observation instruments and data processing system was however also included in the plan to augment its capabilities and data collection, though little information has been published on this aspect. Being China's first LEO remote sensing satellite with 5~8 years of design life, GF-2 features several smart health monitoring and onboard troubleshooting capabilities. These include: electronic components with high ionizing radiation TID (Total Ionizing Dose) and high-energy charged particles, SEE (Single Event Effect) immunity and raw materials with long duration adaptability for high and low temperature recycling and ultra violet environment. Comprehensive experimental verification for key devices like battery, gyroscope, camera, SADA (Solar Array Drive Apparatus), solid state memory, onboard computer, MWs and CMGs etc. also enhance the satellite reliability to be not less than 0.6 at the end of the satellite's life.

The Gaofen-1 mission has been extended and, as of June 2023, the GF-1 spacecraft and its payload are still operational. 23) China's HD observation satellite opens its eyes," Space Daily, Dec. 31, 2013, URL: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Chinas_HD_observation_satellite_opens_its_eyes_999.html High radiometric data quality: To ensure a high radiometric quality of the images in the smaller relative aperture of camera, the GF-2 camera optic system and imaging electronics has been optimized in the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function ) system .The statically measured MTF in the lab is 0.12 for PAN, and 0.2 for MS data. in lab condition. On orbit, the dynamic MTF is 0.1 at Nyquist frequency.Designed and developed by CAST, Gaofen-2 employs the long life CAST-CS-L3000A bus with breakthrough technologies including fast roll and high stable attitude control, long focal length and lightweight camera design to enhance the satellite’s performance and reliability. The mission goal of GF-2 to implement sub-meter level, high geographical accuracy Earth surface imaging, promoting application of CHEOS satellites and its social and economic benefits, meanwhile to make breakthrough in key technologies like fast roll and high stable attitude control, long focal length large f-number, lightweight camera design and long life bus design, enhancing China's civilian imaging satellite abilities and reliability. Let’s take a look at some examples of different contexts and how the choice between chaos and cheos might change: Context The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates ( [email protected]). The observation capabilities of previous Chinese environmental observation satellites were not as comprehensive as the Gaofen-5's. The Gaofen-5 has more sensors, especially those monitoring the air," Li said, who is enthusiastic about Gaofen-5's potential to monitor greenhouse gases, contaminated gases and harmful particles that cause smog. "Gaofen-5 proves the technology has matured. Loaded with multiple hyper-spectral sensors, the technology can now monitor the atmosphere, water and Earth's surface," Li said.