Animal Adaptations: Evolution of Forms and Functions

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Plant extracts have been very useful sources of medication for various disease conditions ( Ataman et al., 2006; Gill et al., 2012). The use of medical plant extracts which are rich sources of natural inhibitors and pharmacologically active compounds can be very promising especially in the area of chemotherapeutic-based approaches against malaria ( Gatsing et al., 2010). Barrientos, R. & Bolonio, L. The presence of rabbits adjacent to roads increases polecat road mortality. Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9499-9 (2009).

Fellendorf, M. & Vortisch, P. Microscopic Traffic Flow Simulator VISSIM. In Fundamentals of Traffic Simulation. International Series in Operations Research and Management Science (ed. Barcelo, J.) 63–93 (Springer, Berlin, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6142-6_2.The aqueous extract of A. boonei was formulated in distilled water corresponding to the dosages 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice and the standard antimalarial Chloroquine (5 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice) were also prepared. Schwab, A. C. & Zandbergen, P. A. Vehicle-related mortality and road crossing behavior of the Florida panther. Appl. Geogr. 31, 859–870 (2011). Also, hematological profiles were normalized in the groups of mice infected and treated with effective dosages of A. boonei except for the MCV and MCHC values which did not vary significantly in the different groups of experimental mice, an indication of a typical feature of normocytic-normochromic anemia ( Menezes et al., 2004).

While home sanitation and individual cleanliness are consistently significant, regular hand washing with soap and fast running water for a minimum of 20 seconds has been heavily encouraged in reducing the spread of the disease [13]. Other practices, like frequent sanitizing and cleaning different surfaces, can likewise serve as an extra defensive measure just as proper hygiene [14].

References

The model assumes that traversing of roads by animals is ‘blind’ for animals in that they do not respond to the presence of vehicles (i.e. do not stop or turn around), and for drivers in that they do not respond to the presence of animals on the road by braking. Therefore, we define P h as the probability of hit of an animal that is attempting to cross the road, as we cannot account for the number of crossing attempts that translate into actual presence of animal on the road for an AVC to occur. Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F. & Botma, H. Flattened fauna and mitigation: traffic victims related to road, traffic, vehicle, and species characteristics. Transp. Res. Part D 11, 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.001 (2006).