Triflora Contemporary Black Nickel Festive Reindeer Ornament

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In Eurasia, the Sakhalin reindeer is extinct (and has been replaced by domestic reindeer) and reindeer on most of the Novaya Zemlya islands have also been replaced by domestic reindeer, although some wild reindeer still persist on the northern islands. [24] Many Siberian tundra reindeer herds have declined, some dangerously, but the Taymir herd remains strong and in total about 940,000 wild Siberian tundra reindeer were estimated in 2010. [17] Reindeer have large hooves that act like snowshoes and stop them sinking. Reindeer hooves are splayed to spread the animal's weight. (Getty Images) How do reindeer locate each other? a b Degerbøl Magnus (1957). "The extinct reindeer of East-Greenland: Rangifer tarandus eogroenlandicus, subsp. nov.: compared with reindeer from other Arctic regions". Acta Arctica. 10: 1–57. Population Critical: How are Caribou Faring?" (PDF). Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation. December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013. Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer and some of its species and subspecies have names in many languages. Inuvaluit of the western Canadian Arctic and Inuit of the eastern Canadian Arctic, who speak different dialects of Inuktitut, both call the barren-ground caribou tuktu. [43] [44] [45] The Wekʼèezhìi people, a Dene (Athapascan) group, call the Arctic caribou Ɂekwǫ̀ and the boreal woodland caribou tǫdzı. [46] The Gwichʼin (also a Dene group) have over 24 distinct caribou-related words. [47]

Kholodova, M.V.; Kolpashchikov, L.A.; Kuznetsova, M.V.; Baranova, A.I. (2011). "Genetic diversity of wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) of Taimyr: analysis of polymorphism of the control region of mitochondrial DNA". Biology Bulletin. 38: 42–49. doi: 10.1134/S1062359011010067. S2CID 9180267.

The Verdict:

Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) are in the subfamily Odocoileinae, along with roe deer ( Capreolus), Eurasian elk/moose ( Alces), and water deer ( Hydropotes). These antlered cervids split from the horned ruminants Bos (cattle and yaks), Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats) about 36 million years ago. [49] The Eurasian clade of Odocoileinae (Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alcini) split from the New World tribes of Capreolinae (Odocoileini and Rangiferini) in the Late Miocene, 8.7–9.6 million years ago. [50] Rangifer “evolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...”. [14] Rangifer originated in the Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named Rangifer fossils in Eurasia and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer. a b c d e f g h i j k l Mattioli, S. (2011). "Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus)", pp. 431–432 in: Handbook of the Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 The Sakhalin reindeer ( R. t. setoni), endemic to Sakhalin, was described as Rangifer tarandus setoni Flerov, 1933, but Banfield (1961) brought it under R. t. fennicus as a junior synonym. The wild reindeer on the island are apparently extinct, having been replaced by domestic reindeer. Jenkins et al. (2018) [87] also reported genetic distinctiveness of Baffin Island caribou from all other barren-ground caribou; its genetic signature was not found on the mainland or on other islands; nor were Beverly herd (the nearest mainly barren-ground caribou) alleles present in Baffin Island caribou, evidence of reproductive isolation.

a b c d e f g h i Gunn, A. (2016). " Rangifer tarandus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29742A22167140. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021. Abbreviations: AMNH the American Museum of Natural History; BCPM the British Columbia Provincial Museum (= RBCM the Royal British Columbia Museum), NHMUK the British Museum (Natural History) (originally the BMNH), DMNH the Denver Museum of Natural History, MCZ the Museum of Comparative Zoology, MSI the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, NMC the National Museum of Canada (originally the CGS Canadian Geological Survey Museum, now the CMN Canadian Museum of Nature), NR the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, RSMNH the Royal Swedish Museum of Natural History, USNM, the U. S. National Museum, ZMASL the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences), Leningrad In Eurasia, both wild and domestic reindeer are distributed across the tundra and into the taiga. Eurasian mountain reindeer ( R. t. tarandus) are close to North American caribou genetically and visually, but with sufficient differences to warrant division into two species. The unique, insular Svalbard reindeer inhabits the Svalbard Archipelago. The Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) is spottily distributed in the coniferous forest zones from Finland to east of Lake Baikal: the Siberian forest reindeer ( R. t. valentinae, formerly called the Busk Mountains reindeer ( R. t. buskensis) by American taxonomists) occupies the Altai and Ural Mountains.a b c "Designatable Units for Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) in Canada" (PDF), COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p.88, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2017 , retrieved 18 December 2013 The table above includes, as per the recent revision, R. t. caboti (the Labrador caribou (the Eastern Migratory population DU4)), and R. t. terranovae (the Newfoundland caribou (the Newfoundland population DU5)), which molecular analyses have shown to be of North American (i.e., woodland caribou) lineage; [81] and four mountain ecotypes now known to be of distant Beringia-Eurasia lineage (see Taxonomy above). [81] [5] [63] Similarly, working on museum collections where skins were often faded and in poor states of preservation, early taxonomists could not readily perceive differences in coat patterns that are consistent within a subspecies, but variable among them. Geist calls these "nuptial" characteristics: sexually selected characters that are highly conserved and diagnostic among subspecies. [14] [59]

Osgood [84] and Murie (1935), [85] agreeing with granti 's close relationship with the barren-ground caribou, brought it under R. arcticus as a subspecies, R. t. granti. Anderson (1946) [86] and Banfield (1961), [71] based on statistical analysis of cranial, dental and other characters, agreed. But Banfield (1961) also synonymized Alaska's large R. stonei with other mountain caribou of British Columbia and the Yukon as invalid subspecies of woodland caribou, then R. t. caribou. This left the small, migratory barren-ground caribou of Alaska and the Yukon, including the Porcupine caribou herd, without a name, which Banfield rectified in his 1974 Mammals of Canada [104] by extending to them the name " granti". The late Valerius Geist (1998), in the only error in his whole illustrious career, re-analyzed Banfield's data with additional specimens found in an unpublished report he cites as "Skal, 1982", but was "not able to find diagnostic features that could segregate this form from the western barren ground type." But Skal 1982 had included specimens from the eastern end of the Alaska Peninsula and the Kenai Peninsula, the range of the larger Stone's caribou. Later, geneticists comparing barren-ground caribou of Alaska with those of mainland Canada found little difference and they all became the former R. t. groenlandicus (now R. t. arcticus). R. t. granti was lost in the oblivion of invalid taxonomy until Alaskan researchers sampled some small, pale caribou from the western end of the Alaska Peninsula, their range enclosing the type locality designated by Allen (1902) and found them to be genetically distinct from all other caribou in Alaska. [105] [106] Thus, granti was rediscovered, its range restricted to that originally described. The scientific name Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais, 1915 (the Busk Mountains reindeer) was selected as the senior synonym to R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933, in Mammal Species of the World [7] but Russian authors [17] do not recognize Millais and Millais' articles in a hunting travelogue, The Gun at Home and Abroad, [96] seem short of a taxonomic authority. [9] According to a respected Igloolik elder, Noah Piugaattuk, who was one of the last outpost camp leaders, [135] caribou ( tuktu) antlers [129] Wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting." [6] Highlight on a Species at Risk - Tǫdzı (Boreal Caribou)". Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board. 2021 . Retrieved 15 November 2022.the Arctic tundra of the Fennoscandian Peninsula in Norway [8] [91] and the Austfirðir in Iceland (where it has been introduced) [95] In the mid-20th century, as definitions of "species" evolved, mammalogists in Europe [70] and North America [71] made all Rangifer species conspecific with R. tarandus, and synonymized most of the subspecies. Banfield's often-cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer (1961), [72] eliminated R. t. caboti (the Labrador caribou), R. t. osborni (Osborn's caribou — from British Columbia) and R. t. terranovae (the Newfoundland caribou) as invalid and included only barren-ground caribou, renamed as R. t. groenlandicus (formerly R. arcticus) and woodland caribou as R. t. caribou. However, Banfield made multiple errors, eliciting a scathing review by Ian McTaggart-Cowan in 1962. [73] Most authorities continued to consider all or most subspecies valid; some were quite distinct. In his chapter in the authoritative 2005 reference work Mammal Species of the World, [7] referenced by the American Society of Mammalogists, English zoologist Peter Grubb agreed with Valerius Geist, a specialist on large mammals, [14] [59] that these subspecies were valid (i.e., before the recent revision): In North America, R. t. caboti, R. t. caribou, R. t. dawsoni, R. t. groenlandicus, R. t. osborni, R. t. pearyi, and R. t. terranovae; and in Eurasia, R. t. tarandus, R. t. buskensis (called R. t. valentinae in Europe; see below), R. t. phylarchus, R. t. pearsoni, R. t. sibiricus and R. t. platyrhynchus. These subspecies were retained in the 2011 replacement work Handbook of Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. [8] Most Russian authors also recognized R. t. angustirostris, a forest reindeer from east of Lake Baikal. [74] [17] [23] DNA also revealed three unnamed clades that, based on genetic distance, genetic divergence and shared vs. private haplotypes and alleles, together with ecological and behavioral differences, may justify separation at the subspecies level: the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou (COSEWIC DU11), [76] [64] an eastern montane ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou, and the Baffin Island caribou. [87] Neither one of these clades has yet been formally described or named. Naming in this and following sections follows the taxonomy in the authoritative 2011 reference work Handbook of Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. [8] Antlers [ edit ] Losing the velvet layer under which a new antler is growing, an annual process Reindeer occur in both migratory and sedentary populations, and their herd sizes vary greatly in different regions. The tundra subspecies are adapted for extreme cold, and some are adapted for long-distance migration.

Reindeer are the only successfully semi-domesticated deer on a large scale in the world, and both wild and domestic reindeer have been an important source of food, clothing, and shelter for Arctic people throughout history and are still herded and hunted today. Wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting." [6] In some traditional Christmas legends, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve.Spalding, Alex, Inuktitut – A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base). Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, 1998.