Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction

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Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. [46] Aftermath [ edit ] A ruined synagogue in Munich after Kristallnacht A ruined synagogue in Eisenach after Kristallnacht Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. I saw fashionably dressed women clapping their hands and screaming with glee, while respectable middle-class mothers held up their babies to see the 'fun'. [44] a b "Kristallnacht Remembered". www.kold.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2008. The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945.

Faludi, Christian (2013) Die "Juni-Aktion" 1938. Eine Dokumentation zur Radikalisierung der Judenverfolgung. (in German) Frankfurt a. M./New York: Campus. ISBN 978-3-593-39823-5In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Many of these laws enforced “Aryanization” policy—the transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to “Aryan” ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. The legislation made further strides in removing Jews from public life. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. Legislation restricted access to public transport. Jews could no longer gain admittance to “German” theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. American Press Reports on Kristallnacht Pehle, Walter H. (1988). Der Judenpogrom 1938: Von der "Reichskristallnacht" zum Völkermord (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-596-24386-6. Johnson, Eric. The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans. United States: Basic Books, 1999, p. 117. Welch, Susan. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s." Social science quarterly 95.3 (2014): 615-635. online

Arntz, Hans-Dieter (2008) "Reichskristallnacht". Der Novemberpogrom 1938 auf dem Lande – Gerichtsakten und Zeugenaussagen am Beispiel der Eifel und Voreifel. (in German) Aachen: Helios-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938208-69-4 Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Büttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). a b Multiple (1998). "Kristallnacht". The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Hutchinson Encyclopedias (18thed.). London: Helicon. p.1,199. ISBN 1-85833-951-0. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. Proposals were made to settle Jewish in British Guiana, Brazil, Madagascar, Uganda and Tanganyika but all were abandoned.Reporter, Adam Vaccaro-. "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018. Expelled Jews' Dark Outlook". Newspaper article. London: The Times. 1 November 1938. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 March 2008. Alexander, Jeffrey (2009). Remembering the Holocaust: A Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.12. ISBN 9780195326222. Gillott, Hannah (3 August 2023). "Virtual Holocaust museum to be launched in Fortnite". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.

This was Kristallnacht, or “the night of broken glass.” It was a turning point, marking the change from “merely” anti-Semitic rhetoric and laws, to actual violent actions. The Holocaust didn’t happen in one fell swoop; Hitler slowly added more and more restrictions; started lying more and more; and kept on riling up his base. The Nazis built up to the mass round-ups, deportation, and mass murder of Jews, gay people, Roma, the disabled, and anyone who didn’t fit their ideal. Human rights atrocities don’t just happen overnight. It builds up gradually and then all at once. There are warning signs. It’s just a matter of whether people recognize the signs, take them seriously for what they are, and decide to take action against them. The young man who had emigrated to France two years earlier walked into the German Embassy on Rue de Lille in search of the German ambassador. When Grynszpan was informed that the ambassador was out on his daily walk, he was brought in to meet with diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Pulling out his revolver, Grynszpan fired five times at vom Rath and shouted, “You are a filthy kraut, and here, in the name of 12,000 persecuted Jews, is your document!” Gilbert drove every aspect of his books, from finding archives to corresponding with eyewitnesses and participants that gave his work veracity and meaning, to finding and choosing illustrations, drawing maps that mention each place in the text, and compiling the indexes. He travelled widely lecturing and researching, advised political figures and filmmakers, and gave a voice and a name “to those who fought and those who fell.”

Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka". www.economynext.com. 24 May 2019 . Retrieved 10 June 2019. [ permanent dead link]

a b Ross, Philip (27 January 2014). "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen' ". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2014.

Arrests of Jewish Men

After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel González Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durán and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. [77] Anyway, this brutal account lasts for a little over half the book. What follows is the attempt by many of the Jews to get out of Germany. It was not such an easy thing, as the Nazis were hardly helpful, and other European countries argued over refugee quotas. This part of the book is also quite sad, but it is punctuated by some real heroes, such as Captain Frank Foley, the British Passport Control Officer in Berlin (also a spy), and Dr. Feng Shan Ho, the Chinese Consul General in Vienna. Both men would work night and day to help Jews to emigrate to both Britain and China. They saved thousands. And there were others (the "Righteous" as Gilbert calls them) that history has also forgotten. As the window to escape closes, the beginnings of the Final Solution start to reveal themselves. Vom Rath's assassination sparked what the Nazis had been planning for months, a nationwide pogrom and orgy of destruction against the Jews, across the Third Reich (Germany, Austria and Sudetenland). To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Düsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. [71]