100 Pure Thoughts: Cultivating Purity One Thought at a Time

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Rebuschat, P., and J. N. Willimas. 2012. Statistical learning and Language Acquisition. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.

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About pure thoughts, the apostle Paul wrote to the Philippian Church, “Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things.” Sokolov, A. N. 1972. Inner speech and thought. Translated by G. T. Onischenko. New York and London: Plenum Press. You might feel like you have to continue doing the compulsion until your distress or doubt goes away and things feel right again. You might know that it doesn't make sense to carry out a compulsion. But you still feel unable to resist doing it.

Reassuring yourself over and over again that you're a good person or that your thoughts aren't true However, the study of inner speech raises a host of methodological questions (cf. Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 2015 for a discussion). It also raises pressing conceptual questions. What exactly is inner speech? What other phenomena ought it to be distinguished from? One way of approaching these questions is by comparing inner speech to overt speech and examining the manner in which it is similar to and the extent to which it differs from overt speech.

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Involve a number, such as feeling like you have to complete a compulsion a specific number of times without interruption Bunge, S. A., and J. D. Wallis, eds. 2008. The neuroscience of rule-guided behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kaufmann, A. B., J. Call, and J. C. Kaufmann. 2021. The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Avoiding situations or people that make you anxious. For example, stopping driving to cope with intrusive thoughts about running someone over The right thoughts directed in the right direction can be powerful. But the wrong thoughts directed in the wrong direction can be fatal. Poor thoughts help to instill badhabits. And those bad habits can run rampant on our lives. There’s almost no way to accomplish and achieve great things in life when our bad habits consume us. Handle your bad habits before they handle you if you’re serious about reaching your goals. Step #8 — Avoid Negativity Like the Plague

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Frankish, K. 2018. Inner Speech and Outer Thought. In Inner Speech – New Voices, eds. Langland-Hassan, P. and Vicente, A., 211 – 42. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fama, M. E., S. F. Snider, M. P. Henderson, W. Hayward, R. B. Friedman, and P. E. Turkeltaub. 2019. The subjective experience of Inner Speech in Aphasia is a meaningful reflection of Lexical Retrieval. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 62: 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0222. Yet which cases of inner speech may be cases of thinking, then? Those that play a decisive role in processes that we deem paradigmatic processes of thinking, and which are thus not merely acts of inner speech (e.g., cases of auditory imagery) but inner speech acts (Roessler 2016; Wilkinson 2020). Interestingly, we often seem to engage in inner speaking during deliberation, problem-solving or similar cognitively demanding tasks. And inner speech is not a mere by-product or a convenient expedient in these cases. Rather, it seems that the yielding of antecedent thought processes to linguistic formulation itself enables us to engage in certain forms of complex deliberative reasoning. Frankish ( 2018) considers the example of wondering whether or not to go to a party to which he has been invited. He silently asks himself a question (“Do I want to go to the party?”), hears his own utterance and then his language comprehension system comes up with an interpretation that is broadcast to parts of his cognitive system. Further (partly autonomous) processes predict that Henry will be at the party. He silently utters these words, which give rise to another question (“Do I want to meet Henry?”). Further (again, partly autonomous) reasoning reveals that Henry will probably want to talk about the budget cuts, which results in the decision (which may be a sort of self-commitment) that he’d rather avoid meeting Henry and will thus not go to the party (Frankish 2018, p. 234). It seems to be similar to overt, social speech in that it comes in similar forms and is amenable to similar distinctions. There is—phenomenologically speaking—inner monologue and inner dialogue; maybe inner polyphony as well. There is inner speaking and signing, which is accompanied by a sense of agency, and inner hearing or auditory imagery (Gauker 2018), where one experiences oneself as being passive. There is inner reading or rehearsing, and inner writing; there are even co- thought gestures (Chu and Kita 2016). And inner speech can be experienced as being more or less goal-directed. More fully, it seems to be in the service of Every human being on earth has been born with a “flesh”. This is the human nature that was corrupted when Adam and Eve, the first people, committed sin. People, the most excellent of God’s perfect creation, gave in to temptation and let sin and the curse that follows enter into their lives. As a result, people’s thoughts turned from serving and loving God, to living for themselves. As a human being, I have inherited that nature, and this means that those hard, unforgiving, discouraging or filthy thoughts all come straight from my flesh. They’re part of my human nature.Granato, G., A. Borghi, and G. Baldassare. 2020. A computational model of language functions in flexible goaldirected behaviour. Scientific Reports 10: 21623. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78252-y. One might nonetheless take some, admittedly exploratory, steps in this direction. Given that inner speech utterances somehow have to be generated, there must be antecedent thought processes. In defending a version of B, one clearly ought to allow for antecedent imagistic (Gauker 2011, 2018) or affective processes. There may also be prior conceptual and representational states. Following Crane ( 2009), one might distinguish between a mental state bearing representational content, propositional content, or conceptual content. Whether we also allow for prior propositional states will depend on whether we think that there can be non-linguistic propositional states (e.g., imagistic propositional states) – something I will not go into here. One might also take hints from discussions on animal cognition. Bermudez ( 2003), e.g., suggests that non-linguistic creatures may engage in imagistic reasoning, empathetic reasoning, trial and error reasoning, analogical reasoning and reasoning involved in exercising complex bodily skills. In humans, too, processes such as these might precede (and also accompany) the production of linguistically formulated contents. Also, inner speech production may be rather spontaneous or haphazard (Dennett 1991), or a reaction to an external or internal (such as a prior inner speech utterance) stimulus, as we are all in the habit of linguistically reacting to our environment. Fama, M. E., and P. E. Turkeltaub. 2020. Inner Speech in Aphasia: current evidence, clinical implications, and future directions. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathololgy 29 (1S): 560–573. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-CAC48-18-0212. In summary, what we’re saying is that ‘Pure O’ is like any other form of OCD, it will involve both obsessions and compulsions, and treatment approaches would be no different. A person doesn’t need a ‘Pure O’ specialist, ‘Pure O’ would be treated using standard traditional treatment methods, the same that are used for every other type of OCD.